The hypodermis is also commonly known as the subcutaneous layer. This layer is located beneath the dermis and is primarily composed of adipose tissue, which serves as an insulating layer for the body.

The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous tissue, participates in thermoregulation by insulating the body and helping to maintain a stable body temperature. The layer of fat cells in the hypodermis serves as an insulating layer, preventing heat loss from the body. In addition, the hypodermis contains blood vessels that help to regulate blood flow to the skin, which can also help to regulate body temperature.

There are several types of glands present in the skin, including sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Sweat glands release sweat, which is a watery fluid containing salt and other substances, onto the surface of the skin. Sweat helps to cool the body and also contains trace amounts of waste products. Earwax, which is produced by ceruminous glands in the ear canal, helps to protect the ear by trapping dirt and other foreign particles.
Sebum is produced by sebaceous glands and helps to lubricate and protect the skin and hair. Urine and feces are excreted from the body through the urinary and digestive systems, respectively. Blood and lymph are fluids that circulate through the body, but are not released from under the skin to the surface.

Hirsutism is a condition characterized by excessive hair growth in women, typically in areas where hair is normally absent or minimal, such as the face, chest, and back. It is often caused by an overproduction of androgens, such as testosterone, or increased sensitivity to androgens in the hair follicles. Hirsutism is commonly associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder affecting the female reproductive system. Alopecia is a condition that causes hair loss, while androgenic alopecia is a common form of hair loss that affects both men and women, usually as they age. Telogen effluvium is a type of hair loss that occurs when more hair than usual enters the resting (telogen) phase of the hair growth cycle and falls out. Hirsutism, on the other hand, is a condition of excessive hair growth in women, typically caused by hormonal imbalances.

Alopecia areata is a condition that causes patches of hair loss on the scalp, face, or other parts of the body. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the hair follicles, causing the hair to fall out. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Androgenetic alopecia, also known as male or female pattern baldness, is the most common type of hair loss and is caused by genetics and hormones. Telogen effluvium is a temporary condition that occurs when the body experiences a shock or stress, causing hair to enter the resting phase and fall out. Trichotillomania is a hair-pulling disorder that can cause hair loss due to repeated pulling or twisting of the hair.

The dermis is the layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis and is composed of supportive connective tissue. It contains a network of collagen and elastic fibers, as well as blood vessels, nerves, and various types of cells, including fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages. The dermis provides structural support to the skin, helps to regulate body temperature, and plays a key role in the sensation of touch.

The integumentary system performs a variety of important functions for the body. One of its main functions is regulating body temperature through the production of sweat and the dilation or constriction of blood vessels in the skin. Another important function is protecting the body from pathogens and harmful substances in the environment. The skin's outermost layer acts as a physical barrier, and specialized immune cells in the skin help to identify and destroy foreign invaders. Finally, the integumentary system also stores fat in the subcutaneous layer of the skin, which helps to insulate the body and provides a source of energy.

The middle layer of the skin is called the dermis, which is made up of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles. The two main components of the dermis are adipose tissue, which helps cushion and insulate the body, and collagen fibers, which provide strength and support to the skin. The dermis also contains other types of cells, such as fibroblasts, which produce collagen and elastin, and immune cells, which help protect the body from infection.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin that provides protection against physical, chemical, and microbial damage. It is composed of several layers of cells, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells, and is responsible for providing protection against environmental stressors.

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes an overproduction of skin cells, resulting in thick, scaly patches on the skin. The exact cause of psoriasis is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an immune system malfunction.