Substance abuse disorders, also known as substance use disorders, are caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Genetic factors can make a person more susceptible to substance abuse and addiction.

Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder characterized by intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. Common types of phobias include fear of heights, fear of spiders, fear of enclosed spaces, and fear of flying, among others.

The traditional concept of normality in psychology includes three criteria: maladaptiveness, statistical infrequency, and deviation from social norms. Maladaptiveness refers to behavior that interferes with an individual's ability to function effectively in daily life. Statistical infrequency refers to behavior that is rare or unusual in a given population. Deviation from social norms refers to behavior that violates the expectations or standards of a particular culture or society.

The traditional concept of normality is based on social norms, meaning that behavior is considered abnormal if it violates social norms or values. In contrast, the modern concept of normality is based on statistical norms, meaning that behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates significantly from the average or typical behavior in a given population.

Anxiety disorders include phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder, not an anxiety disorder.

Unipolar mood disorder, commonly known as major depressive disorder, is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in life. Bipolar mood disorder, on the other hand, involves both depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes, where the person experiences elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and a reduced need for sleep.

The Multiaxial System in the DSM-IV R is a system used to diagnose mental disorders that involves assessment across five different axes. The purpose of this system is to identify not only the primary mental disorder, but also any comorbid conditions and psychosocial stressors that may be contributing to the individual's symptoms.

PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. Symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, hypervigilance, and emotional numbness.

Anxiety disorders include phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder, not an anxiety disorder.

Neurosis is a less severe form of psychological disorder that is characterized by anxiety, depression, or obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Psychosis, on the other hand, is a more severe form of psychological disorder that is characterized by a loss of touch with reality, including delusions and hallucinations.