Q: What substance can appear in urine due to dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?  

Answer: D

Ketones are a group of three water-soluble compounds - acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone - that are produced during the metabolism of fatty acids in the liver. Ketones are usually not present in urine, but can appear when the body's carbohydrate reserves are low and the liver must break down fatty acids for energy. This can happen during fasting or when following a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet such as the ketogenic diet. When ketones are produced faster than the body can use them, they can accumulate in the blood and be excreted in the urine. The presence of ketones in urine can be a sign of inadequate insulin production, poorly controlled diabetes, or a metabolic disorder.

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